This water is different in nature, there are 48 varieties of water. And one type of water can be quite similar to the other. Each species has a characteristic only of his power, which determines the liquid crystal water taken shape and properties. For example, one type of water forms a balloon, the other - a drop, the third - an icicle, the fourth - a snowflake, etc. In liquid form, even at the boil "mikroaysbergi" crystals remain. When water freezes under the influence of these crystals all other molecules crystallize and turn into structured ice. Structured water can be seen in the form of ice, which it forms.
Perpetual motion of water in the water crystals themselves, it turns out, there is a continuous movement. The thin tube in which the water is not frozen, set the same circulation as in vivo animal, human or plant stems.
The same laws as in the circulation of the blood or plant juices. However, this property disappears as soon as the water structure is broken. Conversely, the longer the life of each of the crystal, the more useful it is for the body, and the more his relationship with the vital juices of the person.
The structure of the cell protoplasm and ice organized like. The structure of the ice is ideal for the structure of biomolecules. Live molecules can be entered into the icy lattice freeze even to absolute zero (-273 °C) without disturbing their vital functions after thawing. In the living body molecules are embedded in the ice lattice, as in the ideal case.
Live snowflakes water
Henri Coanda studied the water crystals in different snowflakes. It struck him that each snowflake has a special pattern and has its own in mikroprostranstv unknown force causing unequal disturbances in the environment. Faced with the phenomenon of "fluid amplifier" (which is associated with the process of transformation of water in the snow), the researchers found in the centers of crystallization snowflakes continuous movement. The thin "tubes", in which water does not freeze, the same circulation is established as an animal or a plant stem.
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Abnormal physical and chemical properties of water
Water chemistry in the periodic system of elements DI Mendeleev oxygen forms a separate subgroup. It's called: a subgroup of oxygen. Included therein from oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium have much in common in the physical and chemical properties.Commonality properties observed, as a rule, for the same type of compounds formed by members of the subgroup. However, the water is characterized by a deviation from the rules.
What determines the physical properties of water? From the lightest oxygen compounds of subgroups (and they are hydrides) water - the lightest. The physical characteristics of hydrides, as well as other types of chemical compounds, determined by the position in the table of elements corresponding subgroup.Thus, the lighter the element of the subgroup, the higher the volatility of its hydride. Therefore, in the subgroup of oxygen has to be the highest volatility of the water - oxygen hydride.
The wettability of water
The same property is very clearly manifested in the ability of the water "sticks" to many subjects, ie they wet. In studying this phenomenon we found that all substances that are readily wetted by water (clay, sand, glass, paper, etc.) Necessarily incorporate oxygen atoms. To explain the nature of this fact proved wetting key: unbalanced energy of the surface layer of water molecules are able to form additional hydrogen bonds with "outsiders" oxygen atoms. Due to the surface tension and wetting ability, water can rise in the narrow vertical channel to a height greater than that allowed by gravity, i.e. water possesses capillarity properties.
Capillary water
Сapillarity plays an important role in many natural processes occurring on Earth. In this way water wets the soil thickness lying substantially higher water table and delivers the roots of the plants nutrient solutions. Due to capillary blood flow and tissue fluids in living organisms.
Сapillarity plays an important role in many natural processes occurring on Earth. In this way water wets the soil thickness lying substantially higher water table and delivers the roots of the plants nutrient solutions. Due to capillary blood flow and tissue fluids in living organisms.
What is the water chemistry and is contrary to the periodic table?
The highest are in the water just those characteristics that would have to be the lowest: the boiling point and freezing point, heat of vaporization and melting. This - more ...
Boiling point and freezing point of water
Boiling and freezing temperatures hydrides of elements oxygen subgroups are shown graphically in Fig. 1.7. In the worst of the hydrides H2 Te they are negative: higher than 0° C, this compound is gaseous. As the transition to the lighter hydrides (H 2 Se, H 2 S) boiling point and freezing more and more reduced. Save and continue this pattern, one would expect that the water must boil at -70° C and freeze at -90° C. In this case, on Earth she could never have existed either in solid or in liquid form. The only possibility would be gaseous (vapor) state. But the plot of a sudden sharp rise in temperature - boiling point of water 100 ° C, frost - 0° C. This is an obvious advantage of associativity - a wide temperature range of the existence of the possibility to carry out all phase states in the conditions of our planet.
The heat of vaporization of water associativity of water affects the very high specific heat of its evaporation. To vaporize the water, already heated to 100 ° C, it requires six times more heat than the heating of the same weight of water at 80 ° C (20 to 100 ° C). Every minute, a million tons of water evaporates from the hydrosphere solar heating. As a result, the atmosphere constantly receives an enormous amount of heat equivalent to that which would be worked out 40 thousand power plants 1 billion. KW each.
The melting point of water ice melts when a lot of energy goes into overcoming the associative links of ice crystals, although six times less than on evaporation water. Molecules of N 2 O remains virtually in the same medium, changing only the phase state of the water.
The specific heat of melting ice is higher than that of many substances, it is equivalent to the quantity of heat flow by heating the same amount of water at 80 ° C (20 to 100 ° FROM). When water freezes appropriate amount of heat transferred to the environment, with melting ice - is absorbed. Therefore, the mass of ice, unlike the mass of water vapor, are a kind of heat sinks in an environment with a temperature above zero.
The use of the anomalous properties of water.
Abnormally high specific heat of vaporization of water and the specific heat of melting ice used by man in production activities. Knowledge of the natural features of the physical characteristics sometimes suggests bold and effective technical solutions. Thus, water is widely used in the production as a convenient and accessible cooler in various industrial processes. After use, the water can be returned to a natural water body and replaced with a fresh portion, and can be re-directed to the production, pre-cooled in special devices - cooling towers.
Cooling ... hot water!
In many metallurgical industries of Donbass as a coolant used is not the cold water and hot water. Cooling is by using the heat of vaporization - the efficiency of the process increases several times, besides eliminating the need for bulky construction of cooling towers. Of course, boiling water-cooler is used where it is necessary to cool the objects, heated above 100 ° C. Here is an example from an entirely different area of human activity - agriculture, horticulture. When the late spring night frosts threaten sudden flowering fruit trees, experienced gardeners find a way that seems completely unexpected: they spend a garden sprinkler. The veil of tiny water spray envelops freezing trees. Droplets of water cover the petals. Turning into ice water puts on ice coat colors, while giving them their supplies (335 J 1 g freezing water).
The anomalous heat capacity of water.
Widespread use of water as a coolant is due not only and not so much its availability and low cost. The real reason you need to also look at its physical characteristics. It turns out that water has another remarkable ability - high heat. By absorbing a huge amount of heat, the water itself is not significantly heated. The specific heat of water is five times higher than that of sand, and nearly ten times higher than that of iron.
The ability of water to accumulate large reserves of thermal energy allows to smooth sharp fluctuations in temperature at the earth's surface in different seasons and at different times of day. Because of this, water is the main regulator of the thermal regime of the planet.
The water and the temperature of living beings
Is interesting that the specific heat of water is anomalous not only in its significance. The specific heat at various different temperatures and the nature of the temperature change in the specific heat capacity peculiar: it decreases with increasing temperature in the range from 0 to 37° C, and with further increase in temperature - increased. The minimum value of the specific heat of water is detected at 36,79 ° C, and this is the normal temperature of the human body! Normal temperature of almost all warm-blooded organisms is also close to this point.
It was found that at this temperature and implemented microphase conversion system "liquid - crystal" that is "water - ice."It was found that when the temperature changes from 0 to 100° C, the water passes successively five such transformations. We call them Microphase as the length of microscopic crystals, no more than 0.2 ... 0.3 nm. Temperature limits transitions - 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 100° C.
The temperature range of warm-blooded animals living within the boundaries of the third phase (30 ... 45° C). Other organisms have adapted to a different temperature range. For example, fish, insects, soil bacteria grow at temperatures close to the middle of the second phase (23 ... 25° C), the effective temperature spring awakening seed falls in the middle of the first phase (5 ... 10° C).
Characteristically, the phenomenon of the specific heat of water passing through a minimum at a temperature change has a kind of symmetry: at low temperatures is also found at least this characteristic. It falls to - 20° C.
If the water is below 0 ° C maintains a frozen state, for example, being fine, then about -20 ° C dramatically increases its heat capacity. It was established by the American scientists, studying the properties of water emulsions formed by water droplets with a diameter of about 5 microns.
In-depth study of the physical sense and practical applications of this phenomenon are still waiting for their researchers. But already it is now clear that these findings are very interesting and valuable educational material.
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Water and anomalous surface tension
Among the unusual properties of the water is difficult to ignore another - its extremely high surface tension of0.073 N / m2 (73 dyne / cm 2) at 20 ° C. Of all liquids a higher surface tension has only mercury. It manifests itself in the fact that the water is constantly striving to pull together, to reduce its surface, although it always takes the form of a container in which there is at the moment. The water just seems formless, flowing over any surface. The strength of the surface tension causes the molecules to bond an outer layer, creating an elastic outer film. Film properties are also determined by the closed and open hydrogen bonds, associates of different structure and different degree of order.
Walking on Water ...
Through the film some subjects, being heavier than water, are not immersed in water (eg, carefully laid flat steel needle). Many insects (skaters, springtails, and others.) Not only move along the surface of the water, but take off from it and sit down on a firm footing. Moreover, the living creatures have adapted to use even the inside of the water surface. Mosquito larvae hang on it with the help of nonwettable bristles and small snail - pond and reel - crawl through it in search of prey.
Like a drop of water formed?
The high surface tension allows the water to take a spherical shape by the free fall or weightlessness: this geometrical form has a minimum surface for a given volume.
Sword of the water
Jet of chemically pure water section of 1 cm2 of tensile strength is not inferior to steel of the same section. Water jet as it cements the force of surface tension. The behavior of water in the capillaries and is subject to more complex physical laws.
The water in the capillaries of Szent-Gyorgyi pointed out that in the narrow capillaries appear structurally ordered water layers near the solid surface. Structuring extends into the interior of the liquid phase in the layer thickness of the order of tens and hundreds of molecules (formerly assumed that the order is limited to a monolayer of water adjacent to the surface). Features of the structuring of water in capillary systems allow a certain basis to talk about the state of the capillary water. Under natural conditions, this condition can be observed in the so-called pore water. In the form of a thin film, it carpets the surface voids, pores, cracks of rocks and minerals of the earth's crust. Developed intermolecular contacts with the surface of solids, particularly structural order, perhaps, is the reason that the pore water freezes at a lower temperature than usual - free - water. Studies have shown that when freezing bound water are manifested not only change its properties - in other properties, and those are the rocks with which it comes into direct contact.
What is known, or how clouds form? A detailed study of pore water will help to answer many of the questions that have practical importance, will clarify the conditions and laws of formation of underground waters in the thick crystal arrays, to predict the swelling soils on highways, in mines, reclamation facilities, etc. These laboratory findings pore-ing water can be useful in the realization of the mysteries of the atmosphere. High above the ground tiny droplets of water capable, like thin layers capillary water supercool tens of degrees, while remaining in a liquid state.
The water that we did not know ...
For some time it seemed that the study of the water easier and there can be nothing. Jagged all formula, temperature metamorphoses from ice to vapor, the ability to dissolve certain substances and participating in the process of convection - that's almost all.Deepening of science in nano able to shake confidence in the simplicity of water. Although, if only because, as it turns out, she has a daughter and she understands human emotions and words.
The water forms a structure of cience physics in the school sense of the word teaches, water is mainly his condition does not form long-lived structures (if only in the case does not interfere with third-party agent ). That is, of course, there is the so-called hydrogen bond, through which water molecules can be connected in a chain, but such education live negligible time - ten to the minus sixteenth degree seconds. In theory, this means that it is impossible to structure the water - at least all these stories with magnetized water or water that "remembers" once dissolved substances, for a long time were classified as "it is unscientific." However, for several years quite serious researchers, armed with ultra-precise devices, committed to studying the water's ability to organize the very long-lived structure.
Dissertation on water memory hampionship - how nice! - For us: it appears, at the Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences in 2003 defended thesis on the memory of water. Author - Stanislav Zenin, a scientist from the laboratory of his two titles and one candidate's doctoral. His brainchild - clathrates, stable (with a term of life a few hours!) Of the compound of 912 water molecules in size from microns to polumikrona that Zenin considers its main structural element. They were even seen - in contrast-phase microscope. In distilled water clathrates almost electrically. However, Zenin found out that their electrical conductivity can be changed. If you interfere with a magnetic stirrer, the links between elements of the clathrates will be destroyed and the water will turn into a dead, disordered mess. When placed in water is extremely small number of other substances (even one molecule) - clathrates will "adopt" its electromagnetic properties. Finally, Zenin attracted to the work on the dissertation psychics and healers - the public in the scientific world completely Neuvazliayev - and found that some members of the often dubious craft able to force his thoughts greatly change the conductivity of the water. Zenin has defined water as substance in the information-phase state, a substance having a structure suitable for the storage of biological information storage. He singled out two types of "memory" of water - the primary and long-term. The primary memory of water appears after a single exposure and is reversible change in its structure and display on the surface of clathrates new electromagnetic picture. Long-term memory of water - a complete transformation of the matrix of structural elements in clathrates by prolonged exposure information. That is to form a specific structure of water , not have to be psychic: it is enough for a certain time to transmit a certain emotion water.
Masaru Emoto - water memory researcher xactly to the same conclusion reached by Japanese scientist Masaru Emoto: using magnetic resonance analyzer, he discovered that the water really forming ordered structures - crystals that are absolutely identical crystals does not occur and that these crystals undoubtedly reflects the electromagnetic properties of the water. Microcrystals study on photographs : first drops of water placed in a petri dish, quenched for two hours and then placed in a special unit - a cooling chamber, combined with a microscope and a camera. Where at minus five degrees to consider getting crystals and remove the most typical. In this study samples from different water sources of the world, as well as water, subjected to various kinds of effects ( music , image ,light television , the thought of one man and group of people , prayer, printed and spoken words in multiple languages ). Dr. Emoto discovered that there is a significant difference between the crystal water, listen to "Pastoral" by Beethoven , and a song in the style of "heavy metal" , between samples, which said "Thank you!" and "You make me sick" and the words "angel" and"devil" form structures, both similar and completely opposite.
How can I use the memory of water? Of course, Dr. Emoto could be considered a dreamer, who use sophisticated techniques for other purposes: Japanese scientist believes that the basis of everything is a single vibrational frequency, resonance wave (in his terminology - XADO), and this wave can carry the emotions of people all surrounding objects. Therefore, Emoto said, I have to thank the food that you eat, to suppress negative emotions and pray more often. Such conclusions can only laugh serious scientific community. But fellow scientist demonstrated a utilitarian interest in his work: some developers are looking for ways to transform the processes occurring in the water under the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the human brain, the computer signals into understandable. That is, thinking about computers that can be controlled by thought. Others want to teach water storing the binary code. Third - I wonder whether it is possible to change the physical and chemical parameters of water for special purposes (for example, make it more viscous, with less power to cool the nuclear reactors).
This situation may one day lead to the fact that just at the moment when theoretical science will cease to doubt the right of the water in memory, the practice of high-tech mill ripe to prototype "water" computers telepathic control. And then it will reach mass production.
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